GED 210 Introduction to Cultural
Anthropology Unit 3 Examination
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- The most important belief underlying the practice of
having a widow marry one of her brothers-in-law is that:
- her family should not have to return the bride price
- the rights of the deceased husband must be preserved
- all men should have more than one wife
- widows should never have to live alone
- The most common form of polyandry is ________, in which
brothers share a wife.
- risk taking
- sibling polyandry
- fraternal polyandry
- levirate
- When a married couple goes to live in the house of the
brother of the husband’s mother, the post-marital residence pattern is
referred to as:
- avunculocal
- matrilocal
- patrilocal
- fratrilocal
- In most tribal societies, rules of descent, marriage,
and residence are:
- flexible and often subject to lengthy discussion and
negotiations
- strictly enforced and rarely changed
- known only to village elders, who are consulted
whenever a decision must be made
- unconscious, and therefore defined mostly by outsiders
(such as ethnographers)
- In general, divorces are most common among societies
that are:
- patrilineal and patrilocal
- matrilineal and matrilocal
- organized into bilateral descent groups
- polyandrous and avunculocal
- Deborah Gewertz, who has re-examined Mead’s
interpretations of the Tchambuli (Chambri), arrived at the conclusion
that:
- Chambri women are among the most aggressive in all
human societies
- Mead’s interpretations failed to take specific
historical circumstances into account
- Chambri men were submissive due to frequent defeats in
warfare
- cultural values do not influence gender roles
- The Kula, described by Malinowski in Argonauts of the
Pacific, refers to:
- a type of outrigger canoe used for long-distance travel
by island chiefs
- a ceremonial dance performed by the indigenous
Hawaiians
- a ritual in which red shell necklaces were traded for
white armbands
- a sacred beverage whose use was restricted to Tahitian
chiefs
- The Kula is an example of what type of exchange?
- redistribution
- balanced reciprocity
- hypergamy
- market exchange
- The term “barter” is used to refer to:
- the agreement on a certain price for a specified
product
- a system of unbalanced reciprocity in which goods of
unequal value are exchanged
- the direct exchange of one commodity for another
- the redistribution of goods in a marketplace
- The potlatch feasts of the northwest coast societies
are usually interpreted as a form of:
- long-distance barter
- resource conservation
- ritualized warfare
- redistributional exchange
- Which of the following might be interpreted as a modern
example of the potlatch?
- A local politician gives away hundreds of frozen
turkeys at a campaign rally.
- A special interest group pays the salary and expenses
of a lobbyist.
- A former president makes speeches in favor of his
party’s new candidate.
- Delegates at a national convention trade buttons and
other campaign memorabilia
- A major difference between redistributional and
reciprocal economies is that:
- reciprocal economies are more common in societies with
inequalities in social status
- redistributional economies tend to make certain
individuals wealthier than others
- reciprocal economies always involve the exchange of a
recognized form of currency
- only redistributional economies involve transfers of
goods among related villagers
- From a cross-cultural study, Jack Goody learned that
bridewealth occurs more frequently in horticultural societies, whereas the
dowry system is most frequently found in agricultural states. He further
hypothesized that one function of the dowry system was to:
- consolidate property in the hands of elite groups, thus
increasing their wealth and status
- spread wealth out over a larger area so that everyone
in the society had about the same level of affluence
- counteract the practice of bridewealth, non-adaptive in
an agricultural state, because it allowed certain families to accumulate
too much wealth by selling their daughters to the highest bidder
- create an egalitarian society
- Since wealth and status determine the type of marriage
patterns found in agricultural states, the primary form of marriage for
all but the elite was:
- polygyny
- polyandry
- polygamy
- monogamy
- Monogamy is the primary form of marriage in most
agricultural states. The probable reason this pattern is so prevalent is:
- most agricultural states have laws against polygamous
marriages of any kind becausethey disrupt the normal flow of the
agricultural cycle
- in agricultural societies, where land is a scarce
commodity, peasants cannot afford the luxury of polygyny
- polygyny is impossible because there are fewer women
than men in agricultural states
- most peasants can only afford to accumulate enough
wealth for one dowry
- Divorce was rare in agricultural states because of a
number of factors. Which of the following is not one of the factors
discussed in the text?
- Both the corporate character of the extended family and
the necessity for cooperative labor among family members usually lead to
normative constraints against divorce.
- Marriage was the most important way that land was
transferred, and marriages were the basis of alliances between families
and kin groups.
- In some societies, marriage became a sacred institution
and there were laws againstdivorce.
- Divorce was not allowed in many, if not all,
agricultural states because of the emotional disruption it caused to the
family members, often making them unfit for agricultural labor.
- In many agricultural states, women were restricted to
domestic activities while men were permitted to engage in public (outside)
endeavors. Women were often not allowed to own property, engage in
politics, or pursue educational goals. These restrictions were reflected
in a number of cultural practices such as:
- purdah and foot binding
- caste system
- idiographic mediation
- dowry and bridewealth
- Social inequality is exemplified in the __________ of
Indi These social units are endogamous groupings into which a person is
born and dies.
- purdah system
- shogun scheme
- caste system
- slavery system
- Capitalist societies share three basic ideals. Which of
the following is NOT one of these ideals?
- The elements of production are privately owned
- Companies are free to maximize profits and accumulate
wealth.
- Land and resources should be owned and controlled by
the state government, while production and services are in the hands of
free enterprise.
- Free competition and consumer independence are basic to
all economic activities.
- Anthropologists have found that kinship in industrial
states:
- often becomes solidified and molded into large descent
groups called oligoclans
- becomes much more important and clearly defined than in
preindustrial societies
- becomes less important as new structures and
organizations replace and begin to perform many of the functions
associated with kinship in preindustrial societies
- tends to remain about the same as is found in chiefdom
societies
- With industrialization, the functions of the family
changed, and one of the major transformations was the:
- increase in the frequency of polyandrous marriages,
especially those involving brothers
- decrease in the mobility of members of the family since
they were all tied to industrial production
- increase in matrilocal residence and a reduction in
patrilocal residence
- diminishing importance of the extended family and the
emergence of the nuclear family
- As nuclear families replace extended families in
industrial societies, older people no longer reside with their adult
children. The role of the elderly in retaining and disseminating
information has diminished in industrial societies. The elderly have lost
much of their economic power. Sociologist Donald O. Cowgill has
hypothesized that:
- The status and role of the elderly in the future will
increase because the birthrate has dropped to an all-time low.
- There will be an elderly revolution, termed the
“silver-haired rebellion,” which will place much of the lost power and
status back into the hands of the older segment of society.
- As the rate of technological change accelerates, knowledge
quickly becomes obsolete, and this decreases the status and role of the
elderly (they are no longer the storage houses of technological knowledge;
libraries and databanks have taken over this role).
- In the future, there will be a major reorganization of
kinship and the family, which will restore power to the elderly.
- Chiefdoms and agricultural states are classified as
__________ because they provide little opportunity for social mobility.
Industrial states, on the other hand, are considered ___________ because
social status can be achieved through individual effort.
- oppressive; free
- hierarchical; egalitarian
- closed societies; open societies
- caste cultures; kindred cultures
- The House of Lords in Great Britain differs from the
House of Commons because membership in the House of Lords is:
- based on intellect
- inherited through families
- limited to those individuals who have already served in
the house of commons
- based on religious affiliation and achieved status
- The primary mode of social mobility in Japanese society
is:
- education
- luck
- inheritance
- what is called burakumin and eta
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